Sustainable Natural Feed Optimization and Low-Cost Automated Feeding Systems for Small-Scale Dairy Farms in Sri Lanka

Abstract

Small-scale dairy farming is an important contributor to Sri Lanka's agricultural sector, yet productivity and sustainability are limited by inefficient feeding practices, dependence on expensive commercial feed, and limited access to modern technologies. This paper proposes CattleCare, an integrated framework that combines a web-based advisory platform with a low-cost automated feed dispensing system to support sustainable feed management for smallholder dairy farmers. A field survey conducted across 16 dairy farms between March and June 2026 collected data from approximately 60 cattle representing indigenous and crossbred dairy breeds. The platform analyzes existing feeding practices and generates customized feeding recommendations based on cattle characteristics, milk production, environmental conditions, and locally available feed resources. The framework is designed to interface with a low-cost automated feed dispensing system for accurate feed allocation, with field validation planned under real farm conditions. By promoting the use of locally available fodder, agricultural by-products, and affordable digital technologies, the proposed framework supports circular agricultural practices while reducing reliance on imported concentrate feeds. Preliminary field observations demonstrate the practical potential of the proposed framework for supporting structured feed management; however, long-term effects on milk productivity, feed efficiency, and environmental performance require further validation.