Abstract:
Mangrove ecosystems are vital coastal habitats that provide essential ecosystem services, including
shoreline protection, biodiversity conservation, and blue carbon sequestration. This study investigated
the structure, composition, and anthropogenic pressures on the Kowtharimunai mangrove ecosystem in
Poonakary, Northern Sri Lanka. Field observations were conducted from November 2024 to February
2026. A total of five true mangrove species were recorded using a systematic plot sampling based on
stratified random sampling: Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Excoecaria agallocha,
Lumnitzera racemosa, and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Among these, Avicennia marina was the
dominant species within the mangrove community. The floral surveys performed using the systematic
plot sampling revealed a Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) of 1.21, indicating moderate species
diversity, and a Simpson’s dominance index (D) of 0.62, reflecting strong dominance of Avicennia
marina. The mean tree density was estimated as 3,250±420 individuals ha⁻¹, with A. marina
contributing over 58% of total stem density. Diameter at breast height (DBH) ranged from 2.1cm to
72.6 cm, with a mean DBH of 7.8±3.2cm, indicating relatively young to mid-successional individuals,
while the presence of a few large trees reflects scattered mature components within the forest structure.
Canopy cover averaged 68±9%, indicating moderately closed stands. Seedling density was recorded at
4,850±610 individuals ha⁻¹, dominated by A. marina, recorded with a density of 3440 individuals ha⁻¹,
indicating active natural regeneration despite localized disturbances. Sea grass patches with the cooccurrence of Halophila Ovalis and Enhalus acoroides were observed in the proximity of 20-to 50-
meter distances from the coastline. Salt marsh communities comprising grass and graminoid patches,
along with shrubby vegetation, including Tecticornia indica, Sporobolus virginicus, and Sesuvium
portulacastrum, were also recorded. Notably, the study area supports all three blue carbon ecosystems
mangroves, seagrasses and salt marshes - in proximity, highlighting its significance as a coastal carbon
hotspot. These findings underscore the ecological importance of the Kowtharimunai mangrove
ecosystem and emphasize the need for conservation and scientifically guided restoration strategies to
maintain its biodiversity, ecosystem structure, and carbon sequestration potential.
