Abstract:
Mangrove forests are globally recognized as critical blue carbon ecosystems that play a vital role in
climate change mitigation. However, these coastal systems undergo continuous structural and
compositional changes driven by natural succession, species competition, and anthropogenic pressures,
particularly in urbanized environments. This study evaluates a 15-year ecological dataset (2010–2025)
from Kadolkele, Negombo estuarine mangrove forest in Sri Lanka to examine the long-term
relationship between stand maturation, biomass accumulation, and species richness. Forest inventory
surveys were conducted across 12 permanent sampling plots (10m × 10m) established along two
transects to assess long-term structural and demographic changes. The structural characteristics of the
forest changed considerably over the study period. Tree density declined by approximately 75%, from
5,972 to 1,508 trees ha⁻¹, while Avicennia marina remained the dominant species. In contrast, stand
development indicators significantly increased. Total basal area increased from 15.97 to 145.51 m² ha⁻¹,
and the mean Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of A. marina increased from 5.21 cm to 35.05 cm. Total
biomass increased by 11.02%, from 195.62 t ha-1 to 217.19 t ha-1, while total organic carbon increased
from 95.85 t ha-1 to 106.42 t ha-1. At the same time, mangrove species richness declined from nine to
five species. Five species (Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Excoecaria agallocha,
Ceriops tagal and Acanthus ilicifolius) were absent in the 2025 survey, whereas very few shade-tolerant
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea plants were newly recorded, and Rhizophora apiculata exhibited a
reduced mean DBH of 2.80 cm. The marked reduction in stem density, together with the significant
increase in basal area, indicates that the Negombo Kadolkele mangrove forest has undergone natural
stand maturation through the self-thinning process (Yoda's Law) rather than forest degradation. The
moderate increase in biomass and organic carbon suggests that the forest is approaching an advanced
stage of development while continuing to function as an effective carbon sink. However, canopy closure
associated with stand maturation appears to have favored shade-tolerant species while reducing the
survival rate of shade-intolerant species. These findings highlight the importance of balancing blue
carbon conservation with biodiversity protection to maintain the long-term resilience of mangrove
ecosystems.
